دانلود رایگان مقاله در باب اخلاقی فلسفه تعلیم و تربیت اسلامی

The question – some might say, the controversy – about what Islamic philosophy  actually is, might best be answered by looking at the very text, which Muslims con - sider as the irrefutable word of God, namely, the Qur ā n. In this text, one encounters  terms like  ‘ilm  (knowledge),  hikmah  (wisdom),  ‘aql  (intellect),  tafakkur  (contem - plation) and  h ū da  (guidance) – terms which are generally associated with actions of  inquiry and hence attuned to philosophical inquiry. It is therefore important to bear  in mind that, although the Islamic faith came into contact with a number of other  civilisations – such as Greek, Persian, Syrian, Egyptian and Indian cultures – thanks  to the rapid expansion of the Muslim Arab civilisation, following the death of the  Prophet Muhammad, these contacts should be not overestimated in relation to their  philosophical influence. While the seminal thoughts of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato  are widely evident in the works of Islamic philosophers, such as al-Kindi, al-F ā r ā b ī ,  ibn S ī n ā  (Avicenna),  ibn Rushd  (Averroes), ibn Miskawayh, al-Ghazz ā l ī ’ and ibn  ‘Arabi, philosophy in Islam is focused expansively on hermeneutical expositions of  the Qur ā n and most commonly related to the notion of  hikmah  (wisdom).