دانلود رایگان مقاله بهداشت خاک و مدیریت کربن

Soil, a natural four- dimensional body at the atmosphere–lithosphere interface,  is organic- carbon- mediated realm in which solid, liquid, and gaseous phases  interact at a range of scales and generate numerous ecosystem goods and ser - vices. Soil organic carbon (SOC) strongly impacts soil quality, functionality and  health. Terms soil quality and soil health should not be used interchangeable.  Soil quality is related to what it does (functions), whereas soil health treats soil  as a living biological entity that affects plant health. Through plant growth, soil  health is also connected with the health of animals, humans, and ecosystems  within its domain. Through supply of macro-  and micronutrients, soil health,  mediated by SOC dynamics is a strong determinant of global food and nutri - tional security. Soil C pool consists of two related but distinct components:  SOC and soil inorganic C (SIC). The SIC pool comprises of primary and sec - ondary carbonates, and the latter consists of calcitic (no net sequestration of  atmospheric CO 2 ) and silicatic (net sequestration). While SOC is highly dynamic,  its mean residence time depends on the degree of protection (physical, chemi - cal, biological, and ecological) within the soil matrix. Formation of stable mi - croaggregates and of organo–mineral complexes can protect SOC against microbial  processes for millennia. In addition to formation of silicatic type of secondary  carbonates, leaching of bicarbonates into the subsoil or shallow water table is  also an important mechanism of sequestration of CO 2  as SIC. Numerous soil  functions and ecosystem services depend on SOC and its dynamics. Improve - ments in soil health, along with increase in availability of water and nutrients,  increases soil’s resilience against extreme climate events (e.g., drought, heat wave)  and imparts disease- suppressive attributes. Enhancing and sustaining soil health  is also pertinent to advancing Sustainable Development Goals of the U.N. such  as alleviating poverty, reducing hunger, improving health, and promoting  economic   development.